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Cross-Border Marriages with Asian Charachteristics. HALL, S. Questions of cultural identity. Title, Place Published : Publisher. Applied Economics Letters, 19 7 , Vosen S, Schmidt T. Applied Economics Letters. The reports have indicated that the Trihalomethanes in drinking water will enhance the cancer risks of bladder and result in reproductive defects Gen Shuh Wang et al. Skip to content. If there is a key, can you tell me? Hi, could you help me to install End note x9. I click to install but asking product key.
There is only two option, product key option and 30 day trial option. So, what can I do? Install using the trial version and then copy and replace the Endnote in C drive with the files I had given.
I downloaded the file but when I start installing, it asks for the product key. Without installation, the configuration file does not appear in program files x Please, help. Thank you very much for the invitation :. Best wishes. PS: How are you? Great post, exactly what is needed. This is actually the kind of information i have been trying to find. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.
Table of Contents. Patricia Salatino. Scott C. Huynh Hien. I installed it and it can use more than trials days? Yes, replace the Endnote file I gave with the one already in your C drive. Can you help me translate? Go to C drive — program files x 86 — endnote X6.
You do not need any key. Just follow the instructions. Hi, does it work in Catalina MacOS , cause only versions 9. Try the Endote X6 version, it works in both Mac and windows. Ram Sharma.
Thanks, I installed it. Could you please also provide SAS crack version 9. Zahid Mehmood. Mubashir Atta. Did you install the trial version? What issue did you get? Lutfi Maulana. Use the trial version and copy and replace the Endnote file in C drive. Its workin. Thanks a lot. Ghada Youssef.
Chapter 4: Searching for and selecting studies | Cochrane Training.Downloads | EndNote
Imagine if Microsoft Word or Excel files could be opened and saved only in these proprietary formats, for example.
It would be impossible for OpenOffice and other such software to read and save these files using open standards — as they can legally do. EndNote can import records from other databases or text files. Discrete references are separated by a single empty line. These files are typically saved using the file extension. The complete map of EndNote tags for different reference types is available on GitHub.
The table at the left is a list of EndNote tags and their associated field names. Compare this scheme with the much older refer scheme which uses a similar syntax.
Entire records as separated by a single blank line. Niles and Associates produced early versions of EndNote. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Redirected from. Reference management software package. This article is about the reference management software. For other uses of the word, see Endnote disambiguation. This article needs more complete citations for verification.
Please help improve this article by adding missing citation information so that sources are clearly identifiable. Citations should include title, publication, author, date, and for paginated material the page number s. Several templates are available to assist in formatting.
Improperly sourced material may be challenged and removed. January Learn how and when to remove this template message. Just follow the instructions. Hi, does it work in Catalina MacOS , cause only versions 9. Try the Endote X6 version, it works in both Mac and windows. Ram Sharma. Thanks, I installed it. Could you please also provide SAS crack version 9. Zahid Mehmood. Mubashir Atta. Did you install the trial version?
What issue did you get? Lutfi Maulana. Use the trial version and copy and replace the Endnote file in C drive. Its workin. Thanks a lot. Ghada Youssef. Install the trial version and then copy the file I gave to C drive. Ajeet Singh. Is it OK to set up an endnote account using this version X9? You may not be able to sync the library, as it is a crack version. HALL, S. Questions of cultural identity.
Title, Place Published : Publisher. Applied Economics Letters, 19 7 , These additional records are, for the most part, identified by Cochrane Information Specialists, many of whom conduct comprehensive searches to populate CRG Specialized Registers, collecting records of trials eligible for Cochrane Reviews in their field.
In these cases, the search will be more precise, but an equivalent number of included studies will be identified with lower numbers of records to screen. Many review authors have full access free-of-charge at the point-of-use through national provisions and other similar arrangements, or as part of a paid subscription to the Cochrane Library.
Many countries and regions produce bibliographic databases that focus on the literature produced in those regions and which often include journals and other literature not indexed elsewhere. It is highly desirable that searches be conducted of appropriate national, regional and subject specific bibliographic databases see MECIR Box 4. Further details are provided in the online Technical Supplement. Citation indexes are bibliographic databases that record instances where a particular reference is cited, in addition to the standard bibliographic content.
Citation indexes can be used to identify studies that are similar to a study report of interest, as it is probable that other reports citing or cited by a study will contain similar or related content. Search appropriate national, regional and subject-specific bibliographic databases. Databases relevant to the review topic should be covered e.
Initiatives to provide access to ongoing studies and unpublished data constitute a fast-moving field Isojarvi et al It is important to identify ongoing studies, so that when a review is updated these can be assessed for possible inclusion.
Awareness of the existence of a possibly relevant ongoing study and its expected completion date might affect not only decisions with respect to when to update a specific review, but also when to aim to complete a review.
Even when studies are completed, some are never published. Finding out about unpublished studies, and including their results in a systematic review when eligible and appropriate Cook et al , is important for minimizing bias.
Several studies and other articles addressing issues around identifying unpublished studies have been published Easterbrook et al , Weber et al , Manheimer and Anderson , MacLean et al , Lee et al , Chan , Bero , Schroll et al , Chapman et al , Kreis et al , Scherer et al , Hwang et al , Lampert et al There is no easy and reliable single way to obtain information about studies that have been completed but never published.
There have, however, been several important initiatives resulting in better access to studies and their results from sources other than the main bibliographic databases and journals. These include trials registers and trials results registers see Section 4. A recent study Halfpenny et al assessed the value and usability for systematic reviews and network meta-analyses of data from trials registers, CSRs and regulatory authorities, and concluded that data from these sources have the potential to influence systematic review results.
A Cochrane Methodology Review examined studies assessing methods for obtaining unpublished data and concluded that those carrying out systematic reviews should continue to contact authors for missing data and that email contact was more successful than other methods Young and Hopewell An annotated bibliography of published studies addressing searching for unpublished studies and obtaining access to unpublished data is also available Arber et al One particular study focused on the contribution of unpublished studies, including dissertations, and studies in languages other than English, to the results of meta-analyses in reviews relevant to children Hartling et al They found that, in their sample, unpublished studies and studies in languages other than English rarely had any impact on the results and conclusions of the review.
Correspondence can be an important source of information about unpublished studies. It is highly desirable for authors of Cochrane Reviews of interventions to contact relevant individuals and organizations for information about unpublished or ongoing studies see MECIR Box 4. Letters of request for information can be used to identify completed but unpublished studies. One way of doing this is to send a comprehensive list of relevant articles along with the eligibility criteria for the review to the first author of reports of included studies, asking if they know of any additional studies ongoing or completed; published or unpublished that might be relevant.
This approach may be especially useful in areas where there are few trials or a limited number of active research groups. It may also be desirable to send the same letter to other experts and pharmaceutical companies or others with an interest in the area.
Some review teams set up websites for systematic review projects, listing the studies identified to date and inviting submission of information on studies not already listed. A recent study assessed the value of contacting trial authors and concluded that data supplied by authors modified the outcomes of some systematic reviews, but this was poorly reported in the reviews Meursinge Reynders et al Another case study of a Cochrane Methodology Review reported that making contact with clinical trials units and trial methodologists provided data for six of the 38 RCTs included in the review, which had not been identified through other search methods Brueton et al C31 : Searching by contacting relevant individuals and organizations Highly desirable.
Contact relevant individuals and organizations for information about unpublished or ongoing studies. It is important to identify ongoing studies, so that these can be assessed for possible inclusion when a review is updated. Asking researchers for information about completed but never published studies has not always been found to be fruitful Hetherington et al , Horton though some researchers have reported that this is an important method for retrieving studies for systematic reviews Royle and Milne , Greenhalgh and Peacock , Reveiz et al A recent study reported successful outcomes of a digital media strategy to obtain unpublished data from trial authors Godard-Sebillotte et al A study assessed the value of requesting information from drug manufacturers for systematic reviews and concluded that this helped to reduce reporting and publication bias and helped to fill important gaps, sometimes leading to new or altered conclusions, primarily where no other evidence existed McDonagh et al The RIAT Restoring Invisible and Abandoned Trials initiative Doshi et al aims to address the problems outlined above by offering a methodology that allows others to re-publish mis-reported and to publish unreported trials.
Anyone who can access the trial data and document trial abandonment can use this methodology. The RIAT Support Centre offers free-of-charge support and competitive funding to researchers interested in this approach. It has also been suggested that legislation such as Freedom of Information Acts in various countries might be used to gain access to information about unpublished trials Bennett and Jull , MacLean et al A recent study suggested that trials registers are an important source for identifying additional randomized trials Baudard et al A recent audit by Cochrane investigators showed that the majority of Cochrane Reviews do comply with this standard Berber et al Although there are many other trials registers, ClinicalTrials.
Research has shown that even though ClinicalTrials. The extent to which this might still be the case with the new ICTRP interface released in its final version in June see online Technical Supplement remains to be ascertained. Therefore, the current guidance that it is not sufficient to search the ICTRP alone still stands, pending further research. Guidance for searching these and other trials registers is provided in the online Technical Supplement.
In addition to Cochrane, other organizations also advocate searching trials registers. There has been an increasing acceptance by investigators of the importance of registering trials at inception and providing access to their trials results. Despite perceptions and even assertions to the contrary, however, there is no global, universal legal requirement to register clinical trials at inception or at any other stage in the process, although some countries are beginning to introduce such legislation Viergever and Li Efforts have been made by a number of organizations, including organizations representing the pharmaceutical industry and individual pharmaceutical companies, to begin to provide central access to ongoing trials and in some cases trial results on completion, either on a national or international basis.
Increasingly, as already noted, trials registers such as ClinicalTrials. Search trials registers and repositories of results, where relevant to the topic, through ClinicalTrials. Although ClinicalTrials. A number of organizations, including Cochrane, recommend searching regulatory agency sources and clinical study reports. Details of these are provided in the online Technical Supplement.
Clinical study reports CSRs are the reports of clinical trials providing detailed information on the methods and results of clinical trials submitted in support of marketing authorization applications. The policy applies only to documents received since 1 January The terms of use for access are based on the purposes to which the clinical data will be put. Further details of this and other resources are available in the online Technical Supplement.
A recent study by Jefferson and colleagues Jefferson et al that looked at use of regulatory documents in Cochrane Reviews, found that understanding within the Cochrane community was limited and guidance and support would be required if review authors were to engage with regulatory documents as a source of evidence. Specifically, guidance on how to use data from regulatory sources is needed.
The online Technical Supplement describes several other important sources of reports of studies. Review authors may also consider searching the internet, handsearching journals and searching full texts of journals electronically where available see online Technical Supplement for details.
They should examine previous reviews on the same topic and check reference lists of included studies and relevant systematic reviews see MECIR Box 4. Search relevant grey literature sources such as reports, dissertations, theses and conference abstracts. Check reference lists in included studies and any relevant systematic reviews identified. This section highlights some of the issues to consider when designing search strategies.
Designing search strategies can be complex and the section does not fully address the many complexities in this area. Many of the issues highlighted relate to both the subject aspects of the search e. For a search to be robust, both aspects require attention to be sure that relevant records are not missed.
Further evidence-based information about designing search strategies can be found on the SuRe Info portal , which is updated twice per year. If the review has specific eligibility criteria around study design to address adverse effects, economic issues or qualitative research questions, undertake searches to address them. Sometimes a review will address questions about adverse effects, economic issues or qualitative research using a different set of eligibility criteria from the main effectiveness component.
In such situations, the searches for evidence must be suitable to identify relevant study designs for these questions. Different searches may need to be conducted for different types of evidence.
The starting point for developing a search strategy is to consider the main concepts being examined in a review. For a Cochrane Review, the review objective should provide the PICO concepts, and the eligibility criteria for studies to be included will further assist in the selection of appropriate subject headings and text words for the search strategy.
The structure of search strategies in bibliographic databases should be informed by the main concepts of the review see Chapter 3 , using appropriate elements from PICO and study design see MECIR Box 4. Although a research question may specify particular comparators or outcomes, these concepts may not be well described in the title or abstract of an article and are often not well indexed with controlled vocabulary terms.
Therefore, in general databases, such as MEDLINE, a search strategy will typically have three sets of terms: i terms to search for the health condition of interest, i. Typically, a broad set of search terms will be gathered for each concept and combined with the OR Boolean operator to achieve sensitivity within concepts.
The results for each concept are then combined using the AND Boolean operator, to ensure each concept is represented in the final search results. It is important to consider the structure of the search strategy on a question-by-question basis. In some cases it is possible and reasonable to search for the comparator, for example if the comparator is explicitly placebo; in other cases the outcomes may be particularly well defined and consistently reported in abstracts.
The advice on whether or not to search for outcomes for adverse effects differs from the advice given above see Chapter Inform the structure of search strategies in bibliographic databases around the main concepts of the review, using appropriate elements from PICO and study design. In structuring the search, maximize sensitivity whilst striving for reasonable precision.
Inappropriate or inadequate search strategies may fail to identify records that are included in bibliographic databases. The structure of a search strategy should be based on the main concepts being examined in a review. In general databases, such as MEDLINE, a search strategy to identify studies for a Cochrane Review will typically have three sets of terms: i terms to search for the health condition of interest, i.
There are exceptions, however. For instance, for reviews of complex interventions, it may be necessary to search only for the population or the intervention.
Some search strategies may not easily divide into the structure suggested, particularly for reviews addressing complex or unknown interventions, or diagnostic tests Huang et al , Irvin and Hayden , Petticrew and Roberts , de Vet et al , Booth or using specific approaches such as realist reviews which may require iterative searches and multiple search strategies Booth et al Cochrane Reviews of public health interventions and of qualitative data may adopt very different search approaches to those described here Lorenc et al , Booth see Chapter 17 on intervention complexity, and Chapter 21 on qualitative evidence.
Some options to explore for such situations include:. Searches for systematic reviews aim to be as extensive as possible in order to ensure that as many of the relevant studies as possible are included in the review. It is, however, necessary to strike a balance between striving for comprehensiveness and maintaining relevance when developing a search strategy. Sensitivity is defined as the number of relevant reports identified divided by the total number of relevant reports in the resource.
Precision is defined as the number of relevant reports identified divided by the total number of reports identified. Increasing the comprehensiveness or sensitivity of a search will reduce its precision and will usually retrieve more non-relevant reports.
Article abstracts identified through a database search can usually be screened very quickly to ascertain potential relevance. At a conservatively estimated reading rate of one or two abstracts per minute, the results of a database search can be screened at the rate of 60— per hour or approximately — over an 8-hour period , so the high yield and low precision associated with systematic review searching may not be as daunting as it might at first appear in comparison with the total time to be invested in the review.
Table 4. This section should be read in conjunction with Section 3. One is based on text words, that is terms occurring in the title, abstract or other relevant fields available in the database. The other is based on standardized subject terms assigned to the references either by indexers specialists who appraise the articles and describe their topics by assigning terms from a specific thesaurus or controlled vocabulary or automatically using automated indexing approaches.
Searches for Cochrane Reviews should use an appropriate combination of these two approaches, i. Approaches for identifying text words and controlled vocabulary to combine appropriately within a search strategy, including text mining approaches, are presented in the online Technical Supplement.
C33 : Developing search strategies for bibliographic databases Mandatory. Identify appropriate controlled vocabulary e. MeSH, Emtree, including ‘exploded’ terms and free-text terms considering, for example, spelling variants, synonyms, acronyms, truncation and proximity operators. Search strategies need to be customized for each database.
The same principle applies to Emtree when searching Embase and also to a number of other databases. In order to be as comprehensive as possible, it is necessary to include a wide range of free-text terms for each of the concepts selected. This might include the use of truncation and wildcards. Developing a search strategy is an iterative process in which the terms that are used are modified, based on what has already been retrieved. Searches should capture as many studies as possible that meet the eligibility criteria, ensuring that relevant time periods and sources are covered and not restricted by language or publication status see MECIR Box 4.
Review authors should justify the use of any restrictions in the search strategy on publication date and publication format see MECIR Box 4. To reduce the risk of introducing bias, searches should not be restricted by language. Recommendations for rapid reviews searches to limit publication language to English and add other languages only when justified Garritty et al are supported by evidence that excluding non-English studies does not change the conclusions of most systematic reviews Morrison et al , Jiao et al , Hartling et al , Nussbaumer-Streit et al However, exceptions that non-English studies do influence review findings have been observed for complementary and alternative medicine Moher et al , Pham et al , Wu et al , psychiatry, rheumatology and orthopaedics Egger et al Additionally, when searches are limited to English or to databases containing only English-language articles, there is a risk that eligible studies may be missed from countries where a particular intervention of interest is more common e.
For further discussion of these issues see Chapter Particularly when resources and time are available, the inclusion of non-English studies in systematic reviews is recommended to minimize the risk of language bias Egger et al , Pilkington et al , Morrison et al It has also been argued that, when language restrictions are justified, these should not be imposed by limiting the search but by including language as an eligibility criterion during study selection Pieper and Puljak Further use of a supportive narrative may help explain why a particular date restriction was applied Craven and Levay , Cooper et al b.
For example, a database date restriction of current for a review of nurse-led community training of epinephrine autoinjectors is justified because this is the approval date of the first device Center for Drug Evaluation and Research Conversely, arbitrary date restrictions intended to reduce search yield e. Caution should be exercised when designing database search strategies with date restrictions.
Information specialists should be aware of the various date fields available from database providers e. It may be necessary to search additional sources or datafiles to ensure adequate coverage of the date period of interest for the review. To account for inconsistent publication dates in database records e. As any information about an eligible study may contain valuable details for analysis, document format restrictions should not be applied to systematic review searches.
For example, excluding letters is not recommended because letters may contain important additional information relating to an earlier trial report or new information about a trial not reported elsewhere Iansavichene et al As with comments and letters, preprints versions of scientific articles that precede formal peer review and publication in a journal should also be considered a potentially relevant source of study evidence. Recent and widespread availability of preprints has resulted from an urgent demand for emerging evidence during the COVID pandemic Gianola et al , Kirkham et al , Callaway , Fraser et al As study data are often reported in multiple publications and may be reported differently in each Oikonomidi et al , efforts to identify all reports for eligible studies, regardless of publication format, are necessary to support subsequent stages of the review process to select, assess and analyse complete study data.
Justify the use of any restrictions in the search strategy on publication date and publication format.
Date restrictions in the search should only be used when there are date restrictions in the eligibility criteria for studies. They should be applied only if it is known that relevant studies could only have been reported during a specific time period, for example if the intervention was only available after a certain time point.
Searches for updates to reviews might naturally be restricted by date of entry into the database rather than date of publication to avoid duplication of effort. Publication format restrictions e. When considering the eligibility of studies for inclusion in a Cochrane Review, it is important to be aware that some studies may have been found to contain errors or to be fraudulent or may, for other reasons, have been corrected or retracted since publication.
For review updates, it is important to search MEDLINE and Embase for the latest version of the citations to the records for the previously included studies, in case they have since been corrected or retracted. Errata are published to correct unintended errors accepted as errors by the author s that do not invalidate the conclusions of the article.
Including data from studies that are fraudulent or studies that include errors can have an impact on the overall estimates in systematic reviews. There is an increasing awareness of the importance of not including retracted studies or those with significant errata in systematic reviews and how best to avoid this Royle and Waugh , Wright and McDaid , Decullier et al A recent study, however, showed that even when review authors suspect research misconduct, including data falsification, in the trials that they are considering including in their systematic reviews, they do not always report it Elia et al Details of how to identify fraudulent studies, other retracted publications, errata and comments are described in the online Technical Supplement.
Some studies may have been found to be fraudulent or may have been retracted since publication for other reasons. Errata can reveal important limitations, or even fatal flaws, in included studies. All of these may lead to the potential exclusion of a study from a review or meta-analysis. Care should be taken to ensure that this information is retrieved in all database searches by downloading the appropriate fields, together with the citation data.
Search filters are search strategies that are designed to retrieve specific types of records, such as those of a particular methodological design. When searching for randomized trials in humans, a validated filter should be used to identify studies with the appropriate design see MECIR Box 4. The site includes, amongst others, filters for identifying systematic reviews, randomized and non-randomized studies and qualitative research in a range of databases and across a range of service providers Glanville et al For further discussion around the design and use of search filters, see the online Technical Supplement.
Use specially designed and tested search filters where appropriate including the Cochrane Highly Sensitive Search Strategies for identifying randomized trials in MEDLINE, but do not use filters in pre-filtered databases e. Search filters should be used with caution. They should be assessed not only for the reliability of their development and reported performance, but also for their current accuracy, relevance and effectiveness given the frequent interface and indexing changes affecting databases.
It is strongly recommended that search strategies should be peer reviewed before the searches are run. Peer review of search strategies is increasingly recognized as a necessary step in designing and executing high-quality search strategies to identify studies for possible inclusion in systematic reviews.
Studies have shown that errors occur in the search strategies underpinning systematic reviews and that search strategies are not always conducted or reported to a high standard Mullins et al , Layton , Salvador-Olivan et al This has also been shown to be the case within some Cochrane Reviews Franco et al Research has shown that peer review using a specially designed checklist can improve the quality of searches both in systematic reviews Relevo and Paynter , Spry et al and in rapid reviews Spry et al , Spry and Mierzwinski-Urban The PRESS checklist covers not only the technical accuracy of the strategy line numbers, spellings, etc.
It is recommended that authors provide information on the search strategy development and peer review processes. For Cochrane Reviews, the names, credentials, and institutions of the peer reviewers of the search strategies should be noted in the review with their permission in the Acknowledgments section.
In practice, alerts are based on a previously developed search strategy, which is saved in a personal account on the database platform e. These saved strategies filter the content as the database is being updated with new information. The account owner is notified usually via email when new publications meeting their specified search parameters are added to the database.
In the case of PubMed, the alert can be set up to be delivered weekly or monthly, or in real-time and can comprise email or RSS feeds.
For review authors, alerts are a useful tool to help monitor what is being published in their review topic after the original search has been conducted. Authors should consider setting up alerts so that the review can be as current as possible at the time of publication.
Another way of attempting to stay current with the literature as it emerges is by using alerts based on journal tables of contents TOCs. These usually cannot be specifically tailored to the information needs in the same way as search strategies developed to cover a specific topic. They can, however, be a good way of trying to keep up to date on a more general level by monitoring what is currently being published in journals of interest.
Many journals, even those that are available by subscription only, offer TOC alert services free of charge. In addition, a number of publishers and organizations offer TOC services see online Technical Supplement. Use of TOCs is not proposed as a single alternative to the various other methods of study identification necessary for undertaking systematic reviews, rather as a supplementary method. See also Chapter 22, Section Alerts should also be considered for sources beyond databases and journal TOCs, such as trials register resources and regulatory information.
The published review should be as up to date as possible. Searches for all the relevant databases should be rerun prior to publication, if the initial search date is more than 12 months preferably six months from the intended publication date see MECIR Box 4.